Kairos is timeliness. It means to figure out the most opportune moment to make an argument or discuss something in general. 

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Kairos can sometimes be a hard term to grasp. Think about timeliness as it relates to the contextual climate i.e. what at the moment made the topic so timely. If the topic being discussed is relevant i.e. timely, is there an audience for it?

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To give you more perspective, think about the last time you had to ask your parents for a raise in your allowance? First, something different than the usual must have occurred for you to want a raise in allowance. You didn't just blurt out that you wanted a raise. You planned out every step. You probably set it up by being doing your chores, following the rules, getting good grades etc. and you probably asked them when they were in a good mood not five minutes after they just yelled at you, and maybe even after they encountered an unexpected windfall or a raise themselves. If you ask them at the right time, a time you know because you can read the situation, you will most likely convince them to raise your allowance. What you do is seek the right moment and condition, right? That's what Kairos is.

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As you may have noticed form the above example, Kairos is a situation that occurs because of the right set of ingredients. In the above example, the parents (the audience) had to be in the right mood or condition to approve the raise. What's key here is that the audience must have had the same opinion or believed the same things the rhetor did in order to have approved the raise. Because they believe what you're selling, and you chose the right message and delivered it in the right conditions, your audience was persuaded.

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Example:

The 2013 film Her deals with issues of isolation, artificial intelligence, and  the artificiality of life in a digital world. The film was released at a time when it became normal for everybody to have smartphones, with artificial intelligence, like Siri. It raised questions about what effects this technology might have on our minds and societies; people were becoming more aware of the higher rates of depression and loneliness in our society (literaryterms.net).