• Memory key: Logos == logic

​

• Also known as arguments based on facts

​

• Logic is not only formal, but cultural logics e.g. "get me the coke over there" might mean get me the drink over there, even if the drink is not a coke.

​

• Logos can be built via arrangement.

​

• Syllogism is also a kind of formal logic e.g.

  • That ring is gold

  • Gold is a kind of non magnetic metal.

  • Therefore all real gold jewelry should not be attracted to magnets.

​

• Logos, pathos and ethos can work together. Therefore ethos can lead to logos, and pathos can lead to logos, and vice versa.​

​

Example: The imperialists have also used many reasons, be it Manifest Destiny, the need to help other countries achieve the independence that America itself fought for, or views that America as a civilized nation is obligated to try to civilize uncivilized nations. One would think that America who fought for their liberty would not try to subjugate other countries and would expect nothing less from these overthrown countries than the fight for their freedom, but the opposite is quite true. 

​

In looking at the example above, one can see the appeal to reason is present. The author uses the premise to conclusion structure to persuade her audience to agree with her. The author list several reasons/ premises and arranges for the conclusion to be at the end of the sentence. The word choices are also formal in nature, formal language does not always equal to logos, but this author's audience expects formal language and the author uses her word choice to make her reason conclusions very reasonable.